This is the comprehensive reference page for all chapters of the Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements website. Please see the individual pages for more information.

If you would like to reference this work, citations are available at the bottom of each page. For further information or to request use of specific graphics, please email your request to customercare@fondriest.com.

Contributing Writers

The following writers have added content to the Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements website:

• Alex Card
• Katie Fitch
• Daniel Kelly
• Christine Kemker
• Kevin Rose

Picture Sources:

All images used here are the work of Fondriest Environmental employees, authorized and attributed under creative commons licensing or have been released into the public domain. If you would like to use one of the images on this site, but are unsure how to cite it, please email your request to customercare@fondriest.com.

Hydrology References

Sediment Transport and Deposition References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. Gray, J. R., Gylsson, G. D., Turcios, L. M., & Schwarz, G. E. (2000, August). Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total Suspended Solids Data. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4191. Reston, VA: U S Geological Survey.

3. Langland, M., & Cronin, T. (Eds.). (2003). A Summary Report of Sediment Processes in Chesapeake Bay and Watershed. In Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4123. New Cumberland, PA: U S Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4123.pdf

4. EPA. (2014, February). Sediments. In Water: Pollution Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/sediments/

5. Osmond, D.L., D.E. Line, J.A. Gale, R.W. Gannon, C.B. Knott, K.A. Bartenhagen, M.H. Turner, S.W. Coffey, J. Spooner, J. Wells, J.C. Walker, L.L. Hargrove, M.A. Foster, P.D. Robillard, and D.W. Lehning. (1995). Turbidity. In WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System, http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu. Retrieved from http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/turbid.html

6. Perlman, H. (2014, March). Sediment and Suspended Sediment. In The USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sediment.html

7. Gao, Q. (2006, November). Correlation of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Test Methods . In New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research, and Technology . Retrieved from http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/soils/tss%20vs%20ssc%20test%20methods.pdf

8. EPA. (2012, March). What are Suspended and Bedded Sediments (SABS)?. In Water: WARSSS. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/sabs.cfm

9. EPA. (2012, March). Channel Processes: Suspended Sediment Transport. In Water: Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/suspend.cfm

10. Czuba, J. A., Magirl, C. S., Czuba, C. R., Grossman, E. E., Curran, C. A., Gendaszek, A. S., & Dinicola, R. S. (2011, August). Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total Suspended Solids DataSediment Load from Major Rivers into Puget Sound and its Adjacent Waters. USGS Fact Sheet 2011–3083. Tacoma, WA: U S Geological Survey.

11. Southard, J. (2006, Fall). 12.090 Introduction to Fluid Motions, Sediment Transport, and Current-Generated Sedimentary Structures, Course Textbook. In MIT Open Courseware: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-090-introduction-to-fluid-motions-sediment-transport-and-current-generated-sedimentary-structures-fall-2006

12. EPA. (2012, March). Channel Processes: Bedload Transport. In Water: Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/bedload.cfm

13. Hickin, E. J. (Ed.). (1995). River Geomorphology. Chichester: Wiley.

14. Fink, J. C. (2005, August). CHAPTER 4 – ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS AND TURBIDITY . In The Effects of Urbanization on Baird Creek, Green Bay, WI (Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/watershed/fink/Fink_Thesis_Chap4.pdf

15. Hakanson, L. (2005). The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and water clarity in aquatic systems. In The Ecological Society of Japan. Retrieved from http://www.met.uu.se/miljoanalys/pdf/sal_spm_secchi.pdf

16. MDDNR. (n.d.). A Brief Explanation of the Data Available for Viewing. In Eyes on the Bay – Welcome. Retrieved from http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/eyesonthebay/whatsitmean.cfm

17.Oberrecht, K. (n.d.). Sediment Transport and Deposition . In Department of State Lands: South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Retrieved from http://www.oregon.gov/dsl/SSNERR/docs/EFS/EFS32sediment.pdf

18. McNally, W. H., & Mehta, A. J. (2004, June). Sediment Transport and Deposition in Estuaries (Sample Chapter). In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systesm (EOLSS): Coastal Zones and Estuaries. Retrieved from http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/E2-06-01-04.pdf

19. Griffiths, P. G., Hereford, R., & Webb, R. H. (2006, January). Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, California and Nevada. USGS Fact Sheet: Recoverability and Vulnerability of Desert Ecosystems.

20. National Geographic Society. (n.d.). Encyclopedic Entry: Sediment. In National Geographic: Education. Retrieved from http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/sediment/?ar_a=1

21. Rocks: Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary. (n.d.). In Geology.com. Retrieved from http://geology.com/rocks/

22. Geomorphlist (Ed.). (2007, April). Is Geomorphology within Geography or Geology?. In The Association of Polish Geomorphologists. Retrieved from http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~sgp/gw/gggeo/gggeo.html

23. Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E., & Mueller, H. (1996). Currents and Sediment Transport in Mangrove Forests. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 1(1). SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam.

24. Kuring, N., & Riebeek, H. (2009, April). Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=38273

25. The University of Arizona. (2009). HWR203 Arizona Water Issues (PowerPoint). In SAHRA. Retrieved from http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/education2/azwater/docs/lesson9/Hwr203FlowCalcs_ho.pdf

26. Missouri DNR. (2009, January). Chapter 3: Stream Discharge. In Introductory Level Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring T raining Notebook. Retrieved from http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wpp/vmqmp/level1-ch3.pdf

27. Crone, T. (2004, November). The Basic Sediment Transport Equations Made Ridiculously Simple. In OCEAN/ESS 410 Marine Geology and Geophysics. Retrieved from http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/oc410/reading/sedtrans_2004.pdf

28. Benson, T. (2014, June). Reynolds Number. In NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/reynolds.html

29. Pattillo, C. (1994). Determining the Settling Velocity. In Intro to Biochemical Engineering Term Project. Retrieved from http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/SEDIMENT/sedsettle.html

30. Whipple, K. (2002). Factors Influencing Hydraulic Roughness. In Surface Processes and Landforms. Retrieved from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-163-surface-processes-and-landscape-evolution-fall-2004/labs/roughnes_handout.pdf

31. Wilcock, P., Pitlick, J., & Cui, Y. (2009, May). Sediment Transport Primer: Estimating Bed-Material Transport in Gravel-bed Rivers. General Technical Report. Fort Collins, CO. U S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

32. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, . (2004). Chapter 12: Managing Sediment and Shorelines. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Report. Retrieved from http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/full_color_rpt/12_chapter12.pdf

33. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 2 – Lakes: Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/turbidity.html

34. Murphy, S. (2007, April). General Information on Solids. In City of Boulder: USGS Water Quality Monitoring. Retrieved from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html

35. Zaimes, G., & Emanuel, R. (2006). Stream Processes Part I: Basics. Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide, Master Watershed Steward. Retrieved from https://cals.arizona.edu/watershedsteward/resources/docs/stream_processes.pdf

36. ADEM Water Quality Branch. (2013, August). TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD (TMDL) for Siltation and Habitat Alteration in the Upper Cahaba River Watershed. Alabama Department of Environmental Management: HUC 03150202.

37. MDEQ. (n.d.). Total Suspended Solids. In Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-npdes-TotalSuspendedSolids_247238_7.pdf

38. Chesapeake Bay Program. (2012). Water Clarity. In The Bay Ecosystem. Retrieved from https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/bayecosystem/waterclarity

39. EPA, NOAA, USACE, & USFWS. (2005, December). Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA-540-R-05-012.

40. Palermo, M. R., Schroeder, P. R., Estes, T. J., & Francingues, N. R. (2008, September). Technical Guidelines for Environmental Dredging of Contaminated Sediments. US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center, ERDC/EL TR-08-29.

41. Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Spitz, W. J., & Arneson, L. A. (2012, April). Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 20: Stream Stability at Highway Structures (Fourth ed.). US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

42. Arneson, L. A., Zevenbergen, L. W., Lagasse, P. F., & Clopper, P. E. (2012, April). Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18: Evaluating Scour at Bridges (Fifth ed.). US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

Water Quality References

Algae, Phytoplankton and Chlorophyll References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. NOAA. (2014, August). Harmful Algal Blooms. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab

3. Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences. (2014). Plant Identification. In AquaPlant: A Pond Manager Diagnostics Tools. Retrieved from http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification

4. Guiry, M. (2014). What are algae?. In The Seaweed Site: information on marine algae. Retrieved from http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/algae.php

5. National Taiwan Museum. (2006). What are Seaweeds? Introduction. In Morphology and Taxonomy. Retrieved from http://formosa.ntm.gov.tw/seaweeds/english/b/b1_01.asp

6. Guiry, M. D. (2014). Taxonomy Browser. In Algaebase. Retrieved from http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=86701

7. Washington State Department of Ecology. (2013). General Algae Information. In Freshwater Algae Control Program. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/lakes/algaeinformation.html

8. Chu, A. (2003). Prionitis lanceolata. In Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute: Marine Botany. Retrieved from http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/Aliceweb/taxonomy.html

9. Protist Kingdom. (n.d.). In Council Rock School District. Retrieved from http://www.crsd.org/cms/lib5/PA01000188/Centricity/Domain/344/protist.ppt

10. WHOI. (2014). Phytoplankton. In Ocean Life. Retrieved from http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/phytoplankton

11. Lindsey, R., & Scott, M. (2010, July). What are Phytoplankton?. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton

12. NOAA. (2014, April). What are Phytoplankton?. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html

13. Zimmerman, L. (n.d.). Phytoplankton. In Biological Resources. Retrieved from http://nerrs.noaa.gov/doc/siteprofile/acebasin/html/biores/phyto/pytext.htm

14. Todar, K. (2012). Diversity of Metabolism in Procaryotes. In Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/metabolism_6.html

15. Speer, B. R. (1997). Photosynthetic Pigments. In Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html

16. Walsh, J. C. (n.d.). The Colonial Algae. In Micrographia. Retrieved from http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/alg/colo/colo0100.htm

17. MarineBio Conservation Society. (2014). Forests of the Sea: Phytoplankton and Marine plants. In MarineBio. Retrieved from http://marinebio.org/oceans/forests

18. University of Kentucky. (2013). Custom Edition Karp: Cell and Molecular Biology 7E. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

19. Delwiche, C. F. (1998). Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria: Proteobacteria. In Photosynthetic Life (Lecture). Retrieved from http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Proteo.html

20. May, P. (n.d.). Chlorophyll. In School of Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chlorophyll/chlorophyll_h.htm

21. Klekowski, E. (1997). Chlorophylls a and b. In The Connecticut River. Retrieved from http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/chlorophyll.html

22. Callaway, E. (2010, August). A new kind of chlorophyll – and it only took 67 years to find. Nature. Retrieved from http://blogs.nature.com/news/2010/08/a_new_kind_of_chlorophyll_and.html

23. Nave, R. (2008). Pigments for Photosynthesis. In HyperPhysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/pigpho.html

24. 8. Watt, M. K. (2000). A Hydrologic Primer for New Jersey Watershed Management (Water-Resources Investigation Report 00-4140). West Trenton, NJ: U.S. Geological Survey.

25. NOAA. (2013). Ocean Facts. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html

26. Barber, B. (2014, April). The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis. In eHow. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5459160_effect-temperature-rate-photosynthesis.html

27. Allen, J. (2001, September). Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB

28. Schmidt, L. J. (2000, August). Polynyas, CO2, and Diatoms in the Southern Ocean. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Polynyas

29. Jason Education Project at Texas A&M University. (2005, January). Marine Food Web. In Ocean World: Forams. Retrieved from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/forams/forams_marine_food_web.htm

30. NSIDC. (2014). Wildlife: Phytoplankton. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/forams/forams_marine_food_web.htmhttp://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/environment/phytoplankton.html

31. Sarfi, M. (n.d.). The Changing earth and Cyanobacteria; The Oxygen Revolution . In Dr. Ken Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum . Retrieved from http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/stromatolites/OXYGEN.htm

32. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

33. UCSD, Calspace. (2002). The Biological Carbon Pump. In Climate Change: Earth’s Climate System. Retrieved from http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/06_2.shtml

34. Earth Science Communications Team. (2013, July). Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide. In NASA Global Climate Change. Retrieved from http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/24

35. Helbling, E. W., Villafane, V., & Holm-Hansen, O. (1994). Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Photosynthesis with Particular Attention to the Influence of Mixing. In Ultraviolet Radiation in Antarctica: Measurements and Biological Effects. Antarctic Research Series, 62.

36. Collins, J. (2010). Red Tide and Shellfish Poisoning. In UWC Enviro Facts . Retrieved from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/redtides

37. Stewart, R. (2005). Distribution of Plankton. In Oceanography in the 21st Century – An Online Textbook. Retrieved from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/phytoplanktondistribution.htm

38. NSIDC. (2013). All About Sea Ice. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.html

39. Washington State Department of Ecology. (2013). What are Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)?. In Algae Control Program. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/generalcyanobacteria.html

40. Havens, K. (2013, January). Sampling. In Plankton Web. Retrieved from http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/planktonweb/sampling.htm

41. Schulz, K. (2007, April). Phytoplankton Measuring and Culture Techniques. In Phytoplankton Ecology (Lecture). Retrieved from http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/phytotechniques.doc

42. NHDES. (n.d.) . Description of River Water Quality Parameters. In Department of Environmental Services. Retrieved from http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/vrap/documents/wq-resultsinfo.pdf

43. FWRI. (2014). Red Tide FAQ. In Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved from http://myfwc.com/research/redtide/faq

44. Sallenave, R. (2011, October). Managing Filamentous Algae in Ponds. In New Mexico State University Water Publications. Retrieved from http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_w/w-103/welcome.html

45. Michigan DNR. (2014). Fish Kills. In Managing Michigan’s Fisheries. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_52259-119822–,00.html

46. GLERL. (2014). Frequently Asked Questions: Harmful Algal Blooms. In NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Retrieved from http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/waterQuality/?targetTab=faq

47. YSI Incorporated. (n.d.). The Basics of Chlorophyll Measurement. In YSI Environmental Tech Note. Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/T606-The-Basics-of-Chlorophyll-Measurement.pdf

48. Cocks, M. (n.d.). The spectrum and photosynthesis. In Light and Air. Retrieved from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/photosynthesis/spectrum.htm#middle

49. YSI Incorporated. (2006). YSI 6131 and 6132 Blue-Green Algae Sensors: Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin Sensors. In YSI Sensor Brochure. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/pdf/ysi_6131_6132_spec.pdf

50. Turner Designs. (n.d.). Phycoerythrin and Phycocyanin Optical Kits for the Detection of Cyanobacteria. In Application Note. Retrieved from http://www.turnerdesigns.com/t2/doc/appnotes/S-0024.pdf

51. What are Harmful Algal Blooms?. (2014). In GLEON Harmful Algal Bloom Working Group Resources. Retrieved from http://blooms.uwcfl.org/what-are-habs

52. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. (n.d.). 5.1.5 Aquatic biotoxins (Hans Henrik Huss). In FAO Corporate Document Repository: Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4743e/y4743e0d.htm

Colored Dissolved Organic Matter References

1. Chen, B. “Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM).” Presentation. Retrieved from: http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/CDOM-WHOI_77244.pdf

2. Rochelle-Newall, E. J., Fisher, T. R. (2002). “Chromophoric dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in Chesapeake Bay.” Study published in Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420301000731

3. Wikipedia. “Colored dissolved organic matter.” Website. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter

4. Corbett, C. A. (2007). “Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Workshop summary.” Reports. Paper 2. Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=basgp_report

5. Klug, J. L. (2008). “Complex effects of colored dissolved organic matter on algal growth and community composition.” Abstract. Retrieved from http://zoology.wisc.edu/faculty/ive/past_students/klug.htm

6. “Fulvic Acid Benefits Fulvic Acid: a Substance Vital to Human Health.” Website. Retrieved from http://www.supremefulvic.com/documents/html/fulvic_acid.php

7. Williamson, et al. (2015). “Ecological consequences of long-term browning in lakes.” Study published in Nature Scientific Reports. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep18666

8. YSI, Inc. “CDOM-fDOM.” Website. Retrieved from https://www.ysi.com/parameters/more-parameters/cdom-fdom

9. Wikipedia. “Fluorophore.” Website. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorophore

10. PVEducation.org. “Absorption Coefficient.” Website. Retrieved from http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/absorption-coefficient

11. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). “Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, Third Edition.” Book.

12. Suryaputra, et al. (2015). “Non-conservative behavior of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) within a subterranean estuary.” Study published in Continental Shelf Research. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284014054_Non-conservative_behavior_of_fluorescent_dissolved_organic_matter_FDOM_within_a_subterranean_estuary

13. Kelly, D. (2015). “ORSANCO Works To Track The Complexities Of 981-Mile Ohio River.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/orsanco-works-to-track-the-complexities-of-981-mile-ohio-river.htm

14. Kelly, D. (2015). “Acoustic Receivers, Glider Aid Life Cycle Study Of Sand Tiger Sharks.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/acoustic-receivers-glider-aid-life-cycle-study-of-sand-tiger-sharks.htm

15. Gillies, J. (2013). “Florida estuary water too fresh for seagrass after historic rains.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/florida-estuary-water-fresh-seagrass-historic-rains.htm

16. Bowers, D. G., Brett, H. L. (2008). “The relationship between CDOM and salinity in estuaries: An analytical and graphical solution.” Study published in Journal of Marine Systems. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092479630700126

17. Ferrari, G. M., Dowell, M. D. (1998). “CDOM Absorption Characteristics with Relation to Fluorescence and Salinity in Coastal Areas of the Southern Baltic Sea.” Study published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771497903097

18. Chen, et al. (2006). “Monitoring turbidity in Tampa Bay using MODIS/Aqua 250-m imagery.” Study published in Remote Sensing of Environment. Retrieved from http://optics.marine.usf.edu/~hu/scratch/Qingdao/pdfs/0109_Chen_etal_RSE_2007a.pdf

19. Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation. “Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM).” Website. Retrieved from http://recon.sccf.org/parameters/fdom

20. Watras, et al. (2011). “A temperature compensation method for CDOM fluorescence sensors in freshwater.” Study published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. Retrieved from https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lom.2011.9.296

21. Strickland, R. (2006). “Pelagic Food Web.” Presentation. Retrieved from http://courses.washington.edu/ocean101/Lex/Lecture26.pdf

22. Frohne, et al. (2011). “Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils.” Study published in the journal Biogeosciences. Retrieved from http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/493/2012/bg-9-493-2012.pdf

23. Voipio, A. (1981). “The Baltic Sea.” Book, page 211. Retrieved from Google Books.

24. Kowalczuk, et al. (2006). “Modeling absorption by CDOM in the Baltic Sea from season, salinity and chlorophyll.” Study published in the journal Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420305002549

25. Nelson, N., Siegel, D. (2014). “CDOM In The Global Ocean.” Presentation. Retrieved from http://www.ioccg.org/training/SLS-2014/Siegel_CDOM_Nelson.pdf

26. Kim, J., Kim, G. (2015). “Importance of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) inputs from the deep sea to the euphotic zone: Results from the East (Japan) Sea.” Study published in the journal Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420315000043

27. Author unknown. “CDOM.” Website. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/science-library/water-quality/cdom

28. Kalle, V. K. (1949). “Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence.” Book, page 193. Retrieved from Google Books.

29. Bricaud, et al. (1981). “Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains.” Study published in the journal Limnology Oceanography. Retrieved from https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0043

30. Chen, R. F. (1999). “In situ fluorescence measurements in coastal waters.” Study published in the journal Organic Geochemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014663809900025X

31. Vodacek, et al. (1995). “The use of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and DOC concentrations in surface waters.” Study published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0411/full

32. Author unknown. “Overview of Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Fundamentals.” Website. Retrieved from http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/fluoroexcitation.html

33. Zhou, et al. (2013). “Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Lake Honghu, Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC).” Study published in U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24611388

34. Arvola, et al. (2016). “CDOM concentrations of large Finnish lakes relative to their landscape properties.” Study published in the journal Hydrobiologia. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-016-2906-4

35. Miller, et al. (2001). “Determining CDOM Absorption Spectra in Diverse Aquatic Environments Using a Multiple Pathlength, Liquid Core Waveguide System.” Study published to NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010119956

36. Riseman, S. (2013). “QA/QC CDOM.” Web article from Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction. Retrieved from http://www.stccmop.org/book/qaqc_cdom

37. Muller, et al. (2014). “Hourly, daily, and seasonal variability in the absorption spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in a eutrophic, humic lake.” Study published in Journal of Geophysical Research. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JG002719/full

38. Jennings, et al. (2012). “Effects of weather-related episodic events in lakes: an analysis based on high-frequency data.” Study published in the journal Freshwater Biology. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02729.x/abstract

39. Menken, et al. (2006). “Influence of chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) on lake reflectance spectra: Implications for measuring lake properties by remote sensing.” Study published in the journal Lake and Reservoir Management. Retrieved from https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci_team/pubs/abstract_new.php?id=02434

40. Tzortziou, et al. (2015). “Colored dissolved organic matter dynamics and anthropogenic influences in a major transboundary river and its coastal wetland.” Study published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.10092/pdf

41. Batzer, D. P., Baldwin, A. H. (2012). “Wetland Habitats of North America: Ecology and Conservation Concerns.” Book, page 32. Retrieved from Google Books.

42. Pavlov, et al. (2014). “Marine CDOM accumulation during a coastal Arctic mesocosm experiment: No response to elevated pCO2 levels.” Study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JG002587/full

43. Nelson, N., Siegel, D. (2014). “CDOM In The Global Ocean.” Presentation. Retrieved from http://www.ioccg.org/training/SLS-2014/Siegel_CDOM_Nelson.pdf

44. Bowers, D. G., Brett, H. L. (2008). “The relationship between CDOM and salinity in estuaries: An analytical and graphical solution.” Study published in the Journal of Marine Systems. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924796307001261

45. Kutser, et al. (2005). “Mapping lake CDOM by satellite remote sensing.” Study published in the journal Remote Sensing of Environment. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425704003670

46. Brezonik, et al. (2015). “Factors affecting the measurement of CDOM by remote sensing of optically complex inland waters.” Study published in the journal Remote Sensing of Environment. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425714002326

47. Author unknown. “How does a spectrophotometer work?” Learning Solutions, NC Community Colleges’ website. Retrieved from http://www.lsteam.org/projects/videos/how-does-spectrophotometer-work

48. Wikipedia. “Spectrophotometry.” Website. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry

49. Turner Designs. “An Introduction to Fluorescence Measurements.” Technical Note. Retrieved from http://www.turnerdesigns.com/t2/doc/appnotes/998-0050.pdf.

Conductivity, Salinity, and Total Dissolved Solids References

1. EPA. (2012). 5.9 Conductivity. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms59.cfm

2. Perlman, H. (2014). Electrical Conductivity and Water. In The USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/electrical-conductivity.html

3. Miller, R. L., Bradford, W. L., & Peters, N. E. (1988). Specific Conductance: Theoretical Considerations and Application to Analytical Quality Control. In U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2311/report.pdf

4. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

5. Elert, G., & Tetruashvili, S. (2006). Resistivity of Water. In The Physics Factbook. Retrieved from http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/SamTetruashvili.shtml

6. Wagner, R. J., Boulger, Jr., R. W., Oblinger, C. J., & Smith, B. A. (2006). Guidelines and Standard Procedures for Continuous Water-Quality Monitors: Station Operation, Record Computation, and Data Reporting. USGS Techniques and Methods 1–D3.

7. Oxygen (Dissolved Oxygen, DO). (n.d.). In Water Chemistry. Retrieved from http://academic.keystone.edu/jskinner/Limnology/Water_Chemistry_LectureNotes.htm

8. Webster, I., Atkinson, I., & Radke, L. (2013). Salinity. In Oz Coasts. Retrieved from http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/salinity.jsp

9. Todd, S. K. (2004). The physics of seawater (powerpoint). In Physical Oceanography 1. Retrieved from http://www.coa.edu/stodd/oceanweb/oceanography/Oceanlectures02/Lecture2/index.htm

10. Dept of Oceanography, SOEST. (2012). Chemical composition of seawater; Salinity and the major constituents. In OCN 623 – Chemical Oceanography. Retrieved from http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses/OCN623/Spring2012/Salinity2012web.pdf

11. EPA. (2012). 5.8 Total Dissolved Solids. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm

12. Thompson, K., AWWA Research Foundation, WateReuse Foundation, & Water Quality Association. (2006).Characterizing and Managing Salinity Loadings in Reclaimed Water Systems. N.p.: American Water Works Association.

13. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

14. SWRCB. (2002). Electrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet . In The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment State Water Resources Control Board. Retrieved from http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/3130en.pdf

15. Ayres, M. (n.d.). Second College Grant Natural History Primer. In Physiological Ecology, Bio 31. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~bio31/SCG.NaturalHistory.pdf

16. Agro, J. (1996, November). Do Fish Drink Water?. In MadSci Network: Zoology. Retrieved from http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1996-12/847855291.Zo.r.html

17. Perlman, H. (2014, March). Why is the Ocean Salty?. In USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/whyoceansalty.html

18. Nave, R. (1998). Resistance and Resistivity. In Hyperphysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/resis.html#c1

19. YSI Incorporated. (1999). YSI Model 3200 Operations Manual. Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/003224-YSI-3200-Operations-Manual-RevF.pdf

20. Ponce, V. M. (2014). Total dissolved solids (TDS) based on electrical conductivity (EC). In Online Salinity Calculator. Retrieved from http://ponce.sdsu.edu/onlinesalinity.php

21. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. (2005). Physical Characteristics: Salinity. In Shallow Water Habitats. Retrieved from http://web.vims.edu/bio/shallowwater/physical_characteristics/salinity.html

22. NSIDC. (2013). All About Sea Ice. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.html

23. Perlman, H. (2014, April). Water Properties and Measurements. In USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/characteristics.html

24. Pawlowicz, R. (2013, April). TEOS-10 Primer; What every oceanographer needs to know about TEOS-10. In Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater – 2010. Retrieved from http://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Primer.pdf

25. Sommer, K., & Spitzer, P. (2004, April). Session H: Ocean Salinity (Powerpoint). In Plenary lecture: WMO-BIPM WS Geneva 30 March-1 April. Retrieved from http://www.bipm.org/ws/BIPM/WMO-BIPM/Allowed/Plenary_lectures/04.04-Session_H-Intro-Sommer.pdf

26. Stewart, R. H. (2004, July). 6.1 Definition of Salinity. In Chapter 6 – Temperature, Salinity, and Density. Retrieved from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter06/chapter06_01.htm

27. Office of Naval Research. (n.d.). Ocean Water: Salinity. In Science & Technology Focus. Retrieved from http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/salinity1.htm

28. Beer, T. (1997). Environmental Oceanography (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.

29. South Carolina Oyster Restoration and Enhancement. (n.d.). Understanding Salinity. In SCORE Water-Quality Tutorial. Retrieved from http://score.dnr.sc.gov/ktmlpro10/files/uploads/elearning/Understanding_Salinity.pdf

30. University of Virginia Physics Department . (2003). Temperature Effects on Solubility. Retrieved from http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/education/outreach/8thgradesol/TempSolubility.htm

31. Netting, R. (2013, May). Salinity. In NASA Science: Earth. Retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/physical-ocean/salinity/

32. YSI Incorporated. (2011). Pro30 User Manual. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/ysi-pro30.htm

33. Eutech Instruments. (1997). Introduction to Conductivity. In Tech Tips. Retrieved from http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips25.htm

34. LCRA. (2014). Water Quality Indicators. In Colorado River Watch Network. Retrieved from http://www.lcra.org/water/quality/colorado-river-watch-network/Pages/water-quality-indicators.aspx

35. Wurts, W. A. (2014). Osmoregulation, Red Drum, and Euryhaline Fish: Environmental Physiology. In An evaluation of specific ionic and growth parameters affecting the feasibility of commercially producing red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station). Retrieved from http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/RedDrumPhysiology.htm

36. Eutech Instruments. (1997). Conductivity to TDS Conversion Factors. In Tech Tips. Retrieved from http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips40.htm

37. Scannell, P. W., & Jacobs, L. L. (2001, June). Technical Report: No. 01-06 Effects of Total Dissolved Solids on Aquatic Organisms. In Alaska Department of Fish and Game: Division of Habitat and Restoration. Retrieved from http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/habitat/01_06.pdf

38. Talley, L. (2000). Properties of seawater (lecture 2). In SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Retrieved from http://sam.ucsd.edu/sio210/lect_2/lecture_2.html

39. Paytan, A. (2006). Major Ions, Conservative Elements and Dissolved Gases in Seawater (lecture 4). In Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://ocean.stanford.edu/courses/bomc/chem/lecture_04.pdf

40. Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and Milliosmoles (Powerpoint). (n.d.). In University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/tutorial/files/handout_milliequiv.pdf

41. Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. In USGS Water-Supply Paper 2254. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf

42. Thermo Scientific. (2011, July). Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids. In Applications Tip of the Week. Retrieved from http://fscimage.fishersci.com/cmsassets/downloads/segment/Scientific/pdf/WaterAnalysis/Log93TipConductivityTDS.pdf

43. Myers, G. S. (1949). Salt-tolerance of Fresh-water Fish Groups in Relation to Zoogeographical Problems [reprint]. InApplications Tip of the Week. Retrieved from http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/biogeog/MYER1949.htm

44. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. (n.d.). Physical and Chemical Processes: Hydrology. In FAO: River Fisheries. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0537e/T0537E02.htm

45. Taylor, J. (1997). Nutrient distribution in the Barron River and offshore during cyclone Sadie. In A. Steven (Ed.), Cyclone Sadie flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: composition and consequences : proceedings of a workshop held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 10 November 1994, at the Australian Ins.pg. 17-26 : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

46. Department of Physics. (2006). Q&A: What is Deionized Water?. In Ask the Van. Retrieved from https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1743

47. Ophardt, C. E. (2003). pH. In Virtual Chembook. Retrieved from http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.htm

48. Pratt, K. W. (2013, September). Answer: What is the difference between distilled water and deionized water (DI water)?. In Research Gate. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_distilled_water_and_deionized_water_DI_water2

Dissolved Oxygen References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. Measuring Dissolved Oxygen and its Effects on Water Quality. In Water’s The Matter. Retrieved from http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Water_Quality/Module_3/index.htm

3. Oxygen (Dissolved Oxygen, DO). (n.d.). In Water Chemistry. Retrieved from http://academic.keystone.edu/jskinner/Limnology/Water_Chemistry_LectureNotes.htm

4. Plant Growth Factors: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Transpiration. (2013). In CMG Garden Notes. Retrieved from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/141.html

5. Dissolved Oxygen. (n.d.). In Chesapeake Bay Program. Retrieved from http://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/bayecosystem/dissolvedoxygen

6. EPA. (2013). Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in Lake Erie. In Great Lakes Monitoring. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/glindicators/water/oxygenb.html

7. EPA. (2012). 5.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. In Water Monitoring and Assessment . Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms52.cfm

8. Watt, M. K. (2000). A Hydrologic Primer for New Jersey Watershed Management (Water-Resources Investigation Report 00-4140). West Trenton, NJ: U.S. Geological Survey.

9. Scales, H. (2009). How does photosynthesis work underwater?. In Science Questions. Retrieved from http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/question/2301/

10. Dissolved Gases – Oxygen. (n.d.). In Lecture – Water Chemistry . Retrieved from http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/Oxygen.html

11. Boehrer, B., & Schultze, M. (2008). Stratification of Lakes. Helmhotz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Magdelburg. Retrieved from Reviews of Geophysics, Vol 46.

12. EPA. (1986). Quality Criteria for Water. Washington DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards.

13. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

14.YSI. (2005). Environmental Dissolved Oxygen Values Above 100% Air Saturation. In YSI Environmental Tech Note. Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/T602-Environmental-Dissolved-Oxygen-Values-Above-100-percent-Air-Saturation.pdf

15. Murphy, S. (2007). General Information on Dissolved Oxygen. In City of Boulder: USGS Water Quality Monitoring. Retrieved from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/BACT/info/DO.html

16. Todd, S. K. (2004). The physics of seawater (powerpoint). In Physical Oceanography 1. Retrieved from http://www.coa.edu/stodd/oceanweb/oceanography/Oceanlectures02/Lecture2/index.htm

17. Dissolved Oxygen. (n.d.). In michigan.gov. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-npdes-DissolvedOxygen_247232_7.pdf

18 Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff. (2013). Aquarium Aeration, the importance of. Retrieved from http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?aid=442

19. Carter, K. (2005, August). The Effects of Dissolved Oxygen on Steelhead Trout, Coho Salmon, and Chinook Salmon Biology and Function by Life Stage . In California Regional Water Quality Control Board, North Coast Region. Retrieved from http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/shasta_river/060707/29appendixbetheeffectsofdissolvedoxygenonsteelheadtroutcohosalmonandchinooksalmonbiologyandfunction.pdf

20. Willis, D. (2006, October). Winter Oxygen and Your Fish. In Pond Boss. Retrieved from http://www.sdstate.edu/nrm/outreach/pond/upload/Winter-Oxygen-and-Your-Fish-Sep-Oct-2006.pdf

21. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1982). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Bluegill. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-008.pdf

22. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1982). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Largemouth Bass. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-016.pdf

23. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1983). Habitat Suitability Information: Yellow Perch. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-055.pdf

24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1984). Habitat Suitability Information: Walleye. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-056.pdf

25. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1987). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Muskellunge. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-148.pdf

26. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1982). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Common Carp. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-012.pdf

27. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, . (1982). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern Pike. Biological Services Program: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-017.pdf

28. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Sediments and Microflora. In Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

29. EPA. (2000, November). Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. Washington DC: Office of Water: Office of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/upload/2007_03_01_criteria_dissolved_docriteria.pdf

30. Courtney, D., & Brodziak, J. (2010). Oceanographic Features in the Vicinity of a North Pacific Swordfish Stock Boundary. Honolulu, HI: NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved from http://isc.ac.affrc.go.jp/pdf/BILL/ISC10_BILL_1/BILL_Apr10_FINAL_WP04.pdf

31. NASA. (2010, July). Aquatic Dead Zones. In NASA Earth Observatory . Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=44677

32. EPA. (n.d.). Hypoxia 101. In Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/named/msbasin/hypoxia101.cfm

33 Nasby-Lucas, N., Dewar, H., Lam, C. H., Goldman, K. J., & Domeier, M. L. (2009, December). White Shark Offshore Habitat: A Behavioral and Environmental Characterization of the Eastern Pacific Shared Offshore Foraging Area. In PLOS ONE. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008163

34. EOL. (n.d.). Xiphias gladius; Swordfish. In Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved from http://eol.org/pages/206878/details

35. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. (2000). Biological characteristics of tuna. In FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en

36. Sadorus, L. L. (2012). The influence of environmental factors on halibut distribution as observed on the IPHC stock assessment survey: A preliminary examination. Report of Assessment and Research Activities. Retrieved from http://www.iphc.int/publications/rara/2012/rara2012401_environ_haldist.pdf

37. CoRIS. (2012). What are Coral Reefs. In CoRIS: NOAA’s Coral Reef Information System. Retrieved from http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/what_are/

38. Long, M. H., Berg, P., de Beer, D., & Zieman, J. C. (2013, March). In Situ Coral Reef Oxygen Metabolism: An Eddy Correlation Study. In PLOS ONE. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058581

39. Wijgerde, T. (2012, December). Aquarium Corals: Feeding and oxygen affect coral growth: implications for coral aquaculture. InAdvanced Aquarist. Retrieved from http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2012/12/corals2

40. WOR. (n.d.). Oxygen in the Ocean. In Ocean Chemistry. Retrieved from http://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-1/ocean-chemistry/oxygen/

41. Mack, J. (n.d.). Eutrophication. In Lake Scientist. Retrieved from http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/eutrophication.html

42. Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, OSU. (2003). Dissolved Oxygen. In Limnology. Retrieved from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/fw456/lecture/pdf/dissolved_oxygen_II.pdf

43. Danylchuk, A. J., Tonn, W. M., & Paszkowski, C. A. (2011). Fathead Minnow. In Fishes of Wisconsin. Retrieved from http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/wdnr_fishes/account.jsp?species_param=1290

44. Marine Bio. (2013). Marine Zones. In MarineBio. Retrieved from http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-zones.asp

45.Schmidt, n. (2010). Bio 183 Marine Biology. In PimaCommunityCollege. Retrieved from http://dtc.pima.edu/blc/183/14_183/14_183answers.html

46.Webster, I., Atkinson, I., & Radke, L. (2013). Salinity. In Oz Coasts. Retrieved from http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/salinity.jsp

47.ICES/CIEM. (n.d.). Unit Conversion. Retrieved from http://ocean.ices.dk/Tools/UnitConversion.aspx

pH of Water References

1. Merriam-Webster. (2013). pH. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ph

2. Ophardt, C. E. (2003). pH. In Virtual Chembook. Retrieved from http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.htm

3. Nave, C. R. (2001). pH as a Measure of Acid and Base Properties. In HyperPhysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/ph.html

4. Gallagher, W. (2011). Operational Definition of Acids and Bases. In Chem 352; University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Retrieved from http://www.chem.uwec.edu/chem352_s11/pages/elaborations/acids-bases/a_operational.html

5. Encyclopædia Britannica (Eds.). (2014). Alkali. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15573/alkali

6. Murphy, S. (2007). General Information on Alkalinity . In City of Boulder/USGS Water Quality Monitoring. Retrieved from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/BACT/info/Alk.html

7. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

8. EPA. (2012). Total Alkalinity. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms510.cfm

9. Holmes-Farley, R. (2004). Low pH: Causes and Cures. In Reef Alchemy: Reefkeeping Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-09/rhf/

10. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 2 – Lakes: pH in Lakes. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/ph.html

11. USGS. (2007). Reporting. In National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter6/section6.6/html/section6.6.7.htm

12. USGS. (2013). Water Properties: pH. In The USGS Water Science School . Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ph.html

13. EPA. (2012). pH. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms54.cfm

14. World Health Organization . (2003). pH in Drinking-water. In Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/ph.pdf

15. Bialkowski, S. (2006). Carbon Dioxide and Carbonic Acid. In Chemistry 3650; Environmental Chemistry . Retrieved from http://ion.chem.usu.edu/~sbialkow/Classes/3650/Carbonate/Carbonic%20Acid.html

16. Radke, L. (2006). pH of Coastal Waterways. In Oz Coasts. Retrieved from http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/ph_coastal_waterways.jsp

17. Lenntech. (2009). Carbon Dioxide. In Water Treatment Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.lenntech.com/carbon-dioxide.htm

18. Utah State University . (2013). pH. In Utah Water Quality. Retrieved from http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/htm/whats-in-your-water/ph

19. National Atmospheric Deposition Program. (2012). Acid Rain. In NADP Educational Resources. Retrieved from http://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/educ/acidrain.aspx

20. Wurts, W. A., & Durborow, R. M. (1992). Interactions of pH, Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and Hardness in Fish Ponds. In Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Retrieved from https://srac.tamu.edu/index.cfm/event/getFactSheet/whichfactsheet/112/

21. Lenntech. (2013). Acids and Alkalis in freshwater. In Water Treatment Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.lenntech.com/aquatic/acids-alkalis.htm

22. Osmond, D.L., D.E. Line, J.A. Gale, R.W. Gannon, C.B. Knott, K.A. Bartenhagen, M.H. Turner, S.W. Coffey, J. Spooner, J. Wells, J.C. Walker, L.L. Hargrove, M.A. Foster, P.D. Robillard, and D.W. Lehning. (1995). pH. In WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System, http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu. Retrieved from http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/ph.html

23. Ball, J. (1999). Understanding and Correcting Soil Acidity . In The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation`. Retrieved from http://www.noble.org/ag/soils/soilacidity/

24. EPA. (2012). Effects of Acid Rain. In Acid Rain. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html

25.Eutech Instruments . (1997). Measuring pH in Fresh Water Aquariums. In Tech Tips. Retrieved from http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips36.htm

26. Kusakabe, M. et. al, . (2008). Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing. The Geochemical Society of Japan, 42. Retrieved from http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/GJ/pdf/4201/42010093.pdf

27. Anderson, G. (2008). Seawater Composition. In Marine Science. Retrieved from http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/02ocean/swcomposition.htm

28. Boros, E. (2003). Alkaline Lakes. In National Ecological Network. N.p.: Authority for Nature Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Water,. Retrieved from http://www.termeszetvedelem.hu/_user/downloads/nok/Alkaline%20lakes(angol).pdf

29. Dalton Research Group. (2007). Table of Acid and Base Strength. In University of Washington. Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/eooptic/links/acidstrength.htm

30. Mono Lake Committee. (2007). Chemistry, Strange Water, Strange Towers. In About Mono Lake. Retrieved from http://www.monolake.org/about/geolake

31. Draxler, B. (2013). Deadly Lake Waters Turn Birds to Stone. In Discover. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine.com/galleries/2013/oct/lake-natron-calcification#.UqsdiNJDvAy

32. USGS. (2010). Volcanic Gases and Their Effects. In Volcano Hazards Program. Retrieved from http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php

33. Baker, L. A., Herlihy, A. T., Kaufmann, P. R., & Eilers, J. M. (1991). Acid Lakes and Streams in the United States: The Role of Acidic Deposition. Science. Retrieved from JSTOR.

34. Evans, D. H., & Claiborne, J. B. (Eds.). (2006). The Physiology of Fishes (3rdrd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

35. NOAA. (2010). What is Ocean Acidification. In PMEL Carbon Program. Retrieved from http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

36. WHOI. (2013). Ocean Acidication. In Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved from http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/ocean-acidification

37. Boehrer, B., & Schultze, M. (2008). Stratification of Lakes. Helmhotz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Magdelburg. Retrieved from Reviews of Geophysics, Vol 46.

38. Allard, R. F. (2002). The Amazon Rain Forest. In General Information about the Amazon. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2006/teams/furness/general.html

39 Wijgerde, T. (2009). Reefs at low pH. In Coral Science. Retrieved from http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate-a-ecology-16/reefs-at-low-ph

40. Chambers, D., Moran, R., & Trasky, L. (2012). Chapter 5: Potential Effects of the Pebble Mine on Salmon. In Bristol Bay’s Wild Salmon Ecosystems and the Pebble Mine. Portland, OR: Wild Salmon Center and Trout Unlimted. Retrieved from http://www.wildsalmoncenter.org/pdf/PM-Ch5.pdf

Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids and Water Clarity References

1. EPA. (2012). 5.5 Turbidity. In Water: Monitoring & Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm

2. Perlman, H. (2014, March). Turbidity. In The USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/turbidity.html

3. Kentucky Water Watch. (n.d.). Total Suspended Solids and water quality. In River Assessment Monitoring Project. Retrieved from http://www.state.ky.us/nrepc/water/ramp/rmtss.htm

4. Cooke, R. (n.d.). Lab 17: Total Suspended Solids. In ENV 211: Sanitary Biology & Chemistry I-II. Retrieved from http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env211/lab17_print.htm

5. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

6. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 3 – Streams: Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Streams. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/streamtss.html

7. Wood, M. S. (2014). Estimating suspended sediment in rivers using acoustic Doppler meters. In U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3038. N.p.: U S Geological Survey.

8. Chen, Z., Hu, C., & Muller-Karger, F. (2006). Monitoring turbidity in Tampa Bay using MODIS/Aqua 250-m imagery.Elsevier: Remote Sensing of Environment. ScienceDirect.

9. Chesapeake Bay Program. (2012). Water Clarity. In The Bay Ecosystem. Retrieved from https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/bayecosystem/waterclarity

10. Hakanson, L. (2005). The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and water clarity in aquatic systems. In The Ecological Society of Japan . Retrieved from http://www.met.uu.se/miljoanalys/pdf/sal_spm_secchi.pdf

11. University of Florida: IFAS Extension. (2011, November). Algae. In Plant Management in Florida Waters: An Integrated Approach. Retrieved from http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/why-manage-plants/algae

12. Smithsonian Institution. (2014). Algae Research. In Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved from http://botany.si.edu/projects/algae/introduction.htm

13. MDEQ. (n.d.). Total Suspended Solids. In Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-npdes-TotalSuspendedSolids_247238_7.pdf

14. Anderson, C. W. (2005). Turbidity 6.7. In USGS National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U S Geological Survey.

15. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 2 – Lakes: Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/turbidity.html

16. MDDNR. (n.d.). A Brief Explanation of the Data Available for Viewing. In Eyes on the Bay – Welcome. Retrieved from http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/eyesonthebay/whatsitmean.cfm

17. Murphy, S. (2007, April). General Information on Solids. In City of Boulder: USGS Water Quality Monitoring. Retrieved from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html

18. EPA. (2012). 5.8 Total Solids. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm

19. Osmond, D.L., D.E. Line, J.A. Gale, R.W. Gannon, C.B. Knott, K.A. Bartenhagen, M.H. Turner, S.W. Coffey, J. Spooner, J. Wells, J.C. Walker, L.L. Hargrove, M.A. Foster, P.D. Robillard, and D.W. Lehning. (1995). Turbidity. In WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System, http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu. Retrieved from http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/turbid.html

20. WHO. (n.d.). Fact Sheet 2.33: Turbidity Measurement. In Fact sheets on environmental sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/fs2_33.pdf

21. Mid-America Regional Council. (n.d.). What is Sediment Pollution?. In Winter Watershed Tip (Brochure). Retrieved from http://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/ksmo_sediment.pdf

22. Perlman, H. (2014, March). Sediment and Suspended Sediment. In The USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sediment.html

23. Langland, M., & Cronin, T. (Eds.). (2003). A Summary Report of Sediment Processes in Chesapeake Bay and Watershed. In Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4123. New Cumberland, PA: U S Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4123.pdf

24. Osmond, D.L., D.E. Line, J.A. Gale, R.W. Gannon, C.B. Knott, K.A. Bartenhagen, M.H. Turner, S.W. Coffey, J. Spooner, J. Wells, J.C. Walker, L.L. Hargrove, M.A. Foster, P.D. Robillard, and D.W. Lehning. (1995). Sediment. In WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System, http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu. Retrieved from http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/sediment.html

25. Arizona Department of Health Services. (2014). Waterborne Diseases. In Arizona Department of Health Services. Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oids/epi/waterborne/list.htm

26. USGS. (2013). Water Properties: pH. In The USGS Water Science School . Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ph.html

27. CDC/National Center for Environmental Health. (2012, July). Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). In Promoting Clean Water for Health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/hab/

28. Stormwater Maintenance & Consulting. (2009, May). Stormwater 101: Detention and Retention Basins. In Promoting Clean Water for HealthSustainable Stormwater Management. Retrieved from http://sustainablestormwater.org/2009/05/28/stormwater-101-detention-and-retention-basins

29. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. (1999, May). Chapter 1 – POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS, THEIR SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACTS. In Fishery Harbour Manual on the Prevention of Pollution – Bay of Bengal Programme. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5624e/x5624e04.htm

30. Brobst, T. (2006, May). The Effect of Different Levels of Nitrate and Phosphate on the Macroinvertebrate Populations in Different Streams. In Best Science Writing from the 2005-2006 IBET Students. Retrieved from http://www.tjhsst.edu/~ibet/0506/science/tbrobst.htm

31. Ireland EPA. (2009, November). Advice Note No. 5: Turbidity in Drinking Water. EPA Drinking Water Advice Note. Retrieved from http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/Advice%20Note%20No5.pdf

32. EPA. (2014, May). Industrial Regulations. In Water: Industry Effluent Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/Advice%20Note%20No5.pdfhttp://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/industry.cfm

33. NOAA. (2008, March). Nonpoint Source Pollution: Categories of Pollution: Point Source. In NOAA Ocean Service Education. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html

34. USGS Office of Water Quality. (2013, January). Turbidity — Units of Measurement. In USGS Oregon Water Science Center. Retrieved from http://or.water.usgs.gov/grapher/fnu.html

35. Rounds, S. (2014, March). Estimation of Secchi Depth from Turbidity Data in the Willamette River at Portland, OR. In USGS Oregon Water Science Center. Retrieved from http://or.water.usgs.gov/will_morrison/secchi_depth_model.html

36. Fink, J. C. (2005, August). CHAPTER 4 – ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS AND TURBIDITY . In The Effects of Urbanization on Baird Creek, Green Bay, WI (Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/watershed/fink/Fink_Thesis_Chap4.pdf

37. EPA. (2012, March). What are Suspended and Bedded Sediments (SABS)?. In Water: WARSSS. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/sabs.cfm

38. Sovell, L. (2013, December). What is a Secchi tube?. In Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Retrieved from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-monitoring-and-reporting/volunteer-water-monitoring/what-is-a-secchi-tube.html

39. Carlson, R. (2009). Secchi Records. In The Secchi Dip-In. Retrieved from http://www.secchidipin.org/secchi_records.htm

40. NOAA. (2009, December). Nonpoint Source Pollution: Suspended Sediments. In NOAA Ocean Service Education. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_pollution/011sediments.html

41. Atkinson, I., Brando, V., Harris, P., Heap, A., Mount, R., Radke, L., & Ryan, D. (2008). Turbidity. In Oz Coasts. Retrieved from http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/turbidity.jsp

42. EPA. (2013). Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in Lake Erie. In Great Lakes Monitoring. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/glindicators/water/oxygenb.html

43. Myre, E., & Shaw, R. (2006, April). The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement of Turbidity in the Field. In Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://www.cas.umn.edu/assets/pdf/Turbidity%20Tube.pdf

44. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 4 – From the Field to the Lab: Measuring Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes and Streams. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4tss.html

Water Temperature References

1. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 2 – Lakes: Temperature in Lakes. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/temperature.html

2. Schombert, J. (2013). Temperature Scale. From: Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved from http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html

3. Warner, B., & Breon, S. R. (2004). Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero. In Cryogenics and Fluids Branch. Retrieved from http://cryo.gsfc.nasa.gov/introduction/temp_scales.html

4. Nave, R. (1998). Temperature. In HyperPhysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/temper.html

5. Brown, W. (1999). Kinetic Vs Thermal Energy. In Ask A Scientist. Retrieved from http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem99/chem99045.htm

6. The Concord Consortium. (2003). Heat & Temperature . In Hands-On-Physics. Retrieved from http://hop.concord.org/h1/phys/h1p.html

7. Wilde, F. (2006). Temperature 6.1. In USGS Field Manual. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter6/6.1_ver2.pdf

8. EPA. (2012). 5.3 Temperature. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms53.cfm

9. Perlman, H. (2013). Water Properties: Temperature. In The USGS Water Science School . Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/temperature.html

10. EPA. (2012). 5.9 Conductivity. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms59.cfm

11. Miller, R. L., Bradford, W. L., & Peters, N. E. (1988). Specific Conductance: Theoretical Considerations and Application to Analytical Quality Control. In U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2311/report.pdf

12. Hayashi, M. (2004). Temperature-Electrical Conductivity Relation of Water for Environmental Monitoring and Geophysical Data Inversion. In Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

13. Williams, G. Y. (1913). The Dependence of Ionic Mobility on the Viscosity of the Medium. Eschenbach Printing Company. Retrieved from: University of Michigan.

14. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

15. Brett JR (1971) Energetic responses of salmon to temperature.A study of some thermal relations in the physiology and freshwater ecology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchusnerka). Amer Zool 11:99–113

16. Bennett, W. A., & Di Santo, V. (2011). Effect of rapid temperature change on resting routinemetabolic rates of two benthic elasmobranchs. Fish Physiol Biochem. Springer Science.

17. University of Illinois Extension. (2014). Planting Aquatic Plants. In Water Gardening. Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/watergarden/planting.cfm

18. Pearson Education, Inc. (n.d.). LabBench Activity. In Measuring Temperature and Metabolic Rate. Retrieved from http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab10/temprate.html

19. Bhadja, P., & Vaghela, A. (May 2013). Effect of temperature on the toxicity of some metals to Labeo bata. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences (IJALS), 6(3).

20. Wurts, W. (2012). Daily pH Cycle and Ammonia Toxicity. In World Aquaculture. Retrieved from http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/pH-Ammonia.htm

21. EPA. (2013, April). Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria For Ammonia – Freshwater. In U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office Of Water. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/aqlife/ammonia/upload/AQUATIC-LIFE-AMBIENT-WATER-QUALITY-CRITERIA-FOR-AMMONIA-FRESHWATER-2013.pdf

22. Courses.lumenlearning.com (2020)  Factors Affecting Solubility | Boundless Chemistry. [online] Retreived from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/factors-affecting-solubility.htm

23. Merriam-Webster. (2014). Viscosity. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/viscosity

24. EPA. (2012). 5.8 Total Solids. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm

25. YSI. (2005). Measuring ORP on YSI 6-Series Sondes: Tips, Cautions and Limitations. In YSI Environmental Tech Note. Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/T608-Measuring-ORP-on-YSI-6-Series-Sondes-Tips-Cautions-and-Limitations.pdf

26. Bier, A. W. (2009). Introduction to Oxidation Reduction Potential Measurement. Hach2O.

27. Larsen, D. (Ed.). (2013). Temperature Dependent of the pH of pure Water. In UCDavis ChemWiki. Retrieved from
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Temperature_Dependent_of_the_pH_of_pure_Water

28. Wolf, A., & Clark, J. (2014). Le Châtelier’s Principle. In UCDavis ChemWiki. Retrieved from http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Chemical_Equilibrium/Le_Chatelier’s_Principle

29. Perlman, H. (2013). Water Density. In The USGS Water Science School . Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html

30. Chaplin, M. (2014). Explanation of the Density Anomalies of Water. In Water Structure and Science. Retrieved from http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/explan2.html

31. Boehrer, B., & Schultze, M. (2008). Stratification of Lakes. Helmhotz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Magdelburg. Retrieved from Reviews of Geophysics, Vol 46.

32. GVSU Dept of Geology. (n.d.). Seasonal Lake Stratification. In Living with the Great Lakes. Retrieved from http://faculty.gvsu.edu/videticp/stratification.htm

33. Todd, S. K. (2004). The physics of seawater (powerpoint). In Physical Oceanography 1. Retrieved from http://www.coa.edu/stodd/oceanweb/oceanography/Oceanlectures02/Lecture2/index.htm

34. USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service . (2011, September). High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety. Food Safety Information.

35. PMEL. (n.d.). El Nino Theme Page. In NOAA Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project. Retrieved from http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/nino-home.html

36. UW-Green Bay. (2003). Temperature. In The Lower Fox River Watershed Monitoring Program. Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/watershed/data/monitoring/temperature.htm

37. Pasquero, C. (2008). Mar. 5th: Water masses: Conservation of heat and salt. Upper, intermediate waters. In ESS 130: Physical Oceanography. Retrieved from http://www.ess.uci.edu/~cpasquer/classes/ess130/notes/lec18.pdf

38. Sylte, G. (2010). The very coldest ocean currents (translated). forskning.no. Retrieved from http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2010/mai/250690

39. Dehairs, F. (2005). Marine Physio-Chemistry: Salt, Temperature and Density. In Physicochemistry of Marine Systems . Retrieved from http://www.vub.ac.be/ANCH/educ/Marine%20Physico%20Chemistry%20Pdf%20version%20Chs%201%20to%207/Chapter%202%20Salt%20Temperature%20and%20Density.pdf

40. Senese, F. (2010). Does salt water expand as much as fresh water does when it freezes?. In General Chemistry Online. Retrieved from http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/solutions/faq/saltwater-ice-volume.shtml

41. NSIDC. (2013). All About Sea Ice. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.html

42. Wadhams, P. (2003). How Does Arctic Sea Ice Form and Decay?. In Arctic theme page. Retrieved from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_wadhams.html

43. Russell, R. (2007). Thermohaline Ocean Circulation. In Windows to the Universe. Retrieved from http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/thermohaline_ocean_circulation.html

44. Russell, R. (2010). Solar Radiation at Earth. In Windows to the Universe. Retrieved from http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/sun_radiation_at_earth.html

45. Kushnir, Y. (2004). Solar Radiation and the Earth’s Energy Balance. In The Climate System. Retrieved from http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/heat_xfer.html

46. NOAA. (2013). Ocean Facts. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html

47. EPA. (2012). 5.5 Turbidity. In Water: Monitoring & Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm

48. Hogan, C. M. (2012). Thermal Pollution. In The Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156599/

49. Palmer, J., & Keenan, D. (2003). EPA Issues Final Water Temperature Guidance. In EPA Region 10. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/region10/pdf/water/temperature_standards_fs.pdf

50. Jones-Schulz, J. (2006). The Natural Systems in Hot Springs National Park or “Follow the Water”. In Parks As Classrooms. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/hosp/forteachers/upload/followthewater_final.pdf

51. Bergman, J. (2011). Temperature of Ocean Water. In Windows to the Universe. Retrieved from http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/temp.html

52. Sea Temperature Rise. (2012). In National Geographic: The Ocean. Retrieved from http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-temperature-rise/

53. Barale, V., R. Gower, J. F., & Alberotanza, L. (2010). Oceanography from Space: Revisited. N.p.: Springer.

54. Geerts, B. (1998). Lake Effect Snow. In Chapter 10. Retrieved from http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/lake_effect_snow.html

55. American Meteorological Society. (2012). monsoon. In Meteorology Glossary. Retrieved from http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Monsoon

Weather and Atmosphere References

Solar Radiation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. New Hampshire Public Television. (2014). Ocean Zones. In Nature Works. Retrieved from http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep6c.htm

3. Farabee, M. J. (2010). Photosynthesis. In Online Biology Book. Retrieved from http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookps.html

4. HowStuffWorks. (2008, October). Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). In HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/plant-terms/adenosine-triphosphate-atp-info.htm

5. Mattson, B., & Gibb, M. (2013, March). Electromagnetic Spectrum. In NASA’s Imagine the Universe. Retrieved from http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html

6. White, A. L., & Jahnke, L. S. (2002, May). Contrasting Effects of UV-A and UV-B on Photosynthesis and Photoprotection of β-carotene in two Dunaliella spp. Plant & Cell Physiology, 43(8). Retrieved from http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/8/877.long

7. LI-COR. (2014). Photosynthetically Active Radiation Measurement. In Applications. Retrieved from http://www.licor.com/env/applications/photosynthetically.html

8. Cocks, M. (n.d.). The spectrum and photosynthesis. In Light and Air. Retrieved from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/photosynthesis/spectrum.htm#middle

9. Gibson, J. H. (2000). UVB Radiation: Definition and Characteristics. In UV-B Monitoring and Research Program. Retrieved from http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/publications/uvb_primer.pdf

10. Dahm, C. (2008, January). Physical Limnology: Light (Lecture 4, Powerpoint). In Biology 495: Limnology. Retrieved from http://bioannexlabs.unm.edu/BIOL/LimnoLecture4.pdf

11. Barber, B. (2014, April). The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis. In eHow. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5459160_effect-temperature-rate-photosynthesis.html

12. Netting, R. (2007, March). The Electromagnetic Spectrum. In NASA. Retrieved from http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

13. Cuyahoga River Water Quality Monitoring Program. (200, March). Temperature. In Water Quality. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/fenlewis/Waterquality.html

14. Honsberg, C., & Bowden, S. (2014, March). Average Solar Radiation. In Photovoltaic Education Network. Retrieved from http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/average-solar-radiation

15. Honsberg, C., & Bowden, S. (2014, March). Calculation of Solar Insolation. In Photovoltaic Education Network. Retrieved from http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation

16. Allen, J. (2001, September). Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB/

17. Lindsey, R., & Scott, M. (2010, July). What are Phytoplankton?. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton/

18. Scales, H. (2009). How does photosynthesis work underwater?. In Science Questions. Retrieved from http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/question/2301/

19. Kimball, J. W. (2011, July). Freshwater Ecosystems. In Biology Pages. Retrieved from https://www.biology-pages.info/F/Freshwater.html

20. University of Florida: IFAS Extension. (2011, November). Photosynthesis. In Plant Management in Florida Waters: An Integrated Approach. Retrieved from http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/overview-of-florida-waters/water-quality/photosynthesis

21. Perlman, H. (2013). Water Properties: Temperature. In The USGS Water Science School . Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/temperature.html

22. Swarthout, D., & Hogan, C. M. (2011, September). Stomata. In Botany. Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156262/

23. Stein Carter, J. (2014, January). Photosynthesis. In General Biology Lecture I (BIO 104). Retrieved from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm

24. NASA Climate Science Investigations. (2013, October). Temperature and Radiation. In Energy: The Driver of Climate. Retrieved from http://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-2/correlation-between-temperature-and-radiation.php

25. Stewart, R. (2005). Earth’s Radiant Energy Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes. In Oceanography in the 21st Century – An Online Textbook. Retrieved from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/radiationbalance.htm

26. Sosik, H. M., & Johnsen, S. (2004, October). Shedding Light on Light in the Ocean. In Oceanus Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/shedding-light-on-light-in-the-ocean

27. Newman, P. A. (2009, November). Ozone Facts: History of the Ozone Hole. In Ozone Hole Watch. Retrieved from http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history.html

28. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Lake Stratification and Mixing. In Lake Notes. Retrieved from http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/conservation/lake-notes/lake-stratification-and-mixing/lake-stratification.pdf

29. NOAA. (2013). Ocean Facts. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html

30. Marshall, J., Cronin, T., & Johnsen, S. (2014, April). Secret Communication Channels in the Ocean: Polarization Vision. In Ocean Explorer. Retrieved from http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/polarization/polarization.html

31. Roussy, K. R. (2006). Heat Transfer. In Earth’s Atmosphere. Retrieved from http://www.atmos.illinois.edu/earths_atmosphere/heat_transfer.html

32. Jung, H., Crisp, P. A., Estavillo, G. M., Cole, B., Hong, F., Mockler, T. C., & Pogson, B. J. (2013, June). Subset of heat-shock transcription factors required for the early response of Arabidopsis to excess light. In PNAS. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/07/31/1311632110.full.pdf+html

33. Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Scorch, Sunburn, and Heat Stress. In Advice, Tips & Resources. Retrieved from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/environmental/scorch.aspx

34. Horning, N., Russell, C., & Goetz, S. (2003). Energy from the Sun to Earth’s Surface. In Chapter 2: Earth’s Radiation Balance and the Global Greenhouse. Retrieved from http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/veget/class/Chap_2/2_1.htm

35. Schoonmaker, D. (2006, June). Sunshine on a Cloudy Day. American Scientist, 94(3). Retrieved from http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/sunshine-on-a-cloudy-day

36. Lindsey, R. (2009, January). Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/veget/class/Chap_2/2_1.htmhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page1.php

37. Ryer, A. (1997). Light Measurement Handbook. Newburyport, MA: International Light. Retrieved from http://apps.usd.edu/coglab/schieber/pdf/handbook.pdfhttp://irtel.uni-mannheim.de/lehre/seminar-psychophysik/artikel/Alex_Ryer_Light_Measurement_Handbook.pdf

38. Williams, D. R. (2013, July). Sun/Earth Comparison. In Sun Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html

39. Newport Corporation. (n.d.). Basics of Solar Radiation. In Introduction to Solar Radiation. Retrieved from http://www.newport.com/Introduction-to-Solar-Radiation/411919/1033/content.aspx

40. Schlyter, P. (2010). How Bright are Natural Light Sources?. In Radiometry and Photometry in Astronomy. Retrieved from http://stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html#10

41. Helbling, E., Villafane, V., Holm-Hansen, O. (1993, May). Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Photosynthesis with Particular Attention to the Influence of Mixing. In Antarctic Research Series. Antarctic Research Series, 62, 207-227.

Methods and Equipment References

Measuring Dissolved Oxygen References

1. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 4 – From the Field to the Lab. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4oxygen.html

2. Dabkowski, B. (2012, November). What every operator needs to know about dissolved oxygen measurements. In Water Environment & Technology.

3. Hargreaves, J. A., & Tucker, C. S. (2002). Measuring Dissolved Oxygen Concentration In Aquaculture. In Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Retrieved from https://srac.tamu.edu/index.cfm/event/getFactSheet/whichfactsheet/167/

4. Carpenter, J. (1965). The Accuracy of the Winkler Method for Dissolved Oxygen Analysis. In Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. Retrieved from http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_10/issue_1/0135.pdf

5. YSI Incorporated. (n.d.). ROX Optical DO Sensor. In Environmental Monitoring Systems Operations Manual . Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/ROX-Optical-Dissolved-Oxygen-Sensor-FAQs.pdf

6. Katznelson, R. (2004). Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Principles and Methods . In The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment State Water Resources Control Board. Retrieved from http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/311.pdf

7. YSI. (2009). The Dissolved Oxygen Handbook. In We Know D.O. YSI Incorporated.

8. Eutech Instruments. (1997). Dissolved Oxygen Electrodes. In Tech Tips. Retrieved from http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips16.htm

9. EPA. (2012). 5.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. In Water Monitoring and Assessment . Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms52.cfm

10. Insite IG. (n.d.). Dissolved Oxygen. In FAQ. Retrieved from http://www.insiteig.com/faqs-dissolved-oxygen.htm

11. Hach. (2007). Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen. In Data Sheet.

12. Emerson Process Management. (2013). RDO Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor and Analyzer. In Product Data Sheet

13. Chaplin, M. (2013). Amperometric biosensors. In Enzyme Technology. Retrieved from http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/amperometric.html

14. Nave, R. (1998). Electric Current. In HyperPhysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elecur.html

15. Thermo Electron Corporation. (n.d.). Orion DO Theory. In The Technical Edge. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/thermo-orion-polarographic-dissolved-oxygen-probes.htm

16. Finesse, LLC. (n.d.). Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Primer. In Improved Process Measurement & Control. Retrieved from http://finesse.com/media/121732/Finesse.TruDO.primer.ApNote.pdf

17. Ladon, L. (2001). Electrochemistry. Retrieved from http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/electrochemistry.htm

18. Larsen, D. (Ed.). (2013). Electrochemical Cell Conventions. In UCDavis ChemWiki. Retrieved from http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Electrochemical_Cell_Conventions

19. Zumdahl, S. S., & DeCoste, D. J. (2007). Introductory Chemistry (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, Houghton Mifflin Company.

20. Nixon-Ewig, B., Thomas, P., Schroeder, M., Farrow, K., & Amdemichael, T. (2011). Section 10.1 Galvanic Cells. In Chemistry 12. N.p.: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

21. Eisenberg, M., Tobias, C. W., & Wilke, C. R. (1953). Ionic Mass Transfer and Concentration Polarization at Rotating Electrodes. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California

22. YSI Incorporated. (2008). Pro20 User Manual. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/ysi-pro20.htm

23. Zhang, J., & Song, C. (2008). Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction. PEM Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers; Fundamentals and Applications. Springer.

24. Mills, A. (1997). Optical Oxygen Sensors. Platinum Metals Rev..

25. V. Grattan, K. T., & Meggitt, B. T. (Eds.). (1999). Optical Fiber Sensor Technology (Vol. 4). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

26. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

27. Wilkin, R. T., & Ptacek, C. J. (2000). Field Measurement of Geochemical Redox Parameters. Workshop on Monitoring Oxidation-Reduction Processes for Groundwater Restoration.

28. CHEMetrics, Inc. (2010). Oxygen (dissolved). Retrieved from http://www.chemetrics.com/Oxygen+(dissolved)

29. CHEMetrics, Inc. (2013). Oxygen (dissolved): Rhodazine D Method. In Technical Data Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.chemetrics.com/products/pdf/oxygen_rhodazined.pdf

30. CHEMetrics, Inc. (2013). Oxygen Vacu-vials Kit 0-1000 ppm. Retrieved from http://www.chemetrics.com/products/pdf/i7553.pdf

31. CHEMetrics, Inc. (2013). Oxygen Vacu-vials Kit 0- 15 ppm. Retrieved from http://www.chemetrics.com/products/pdf/i7513.pdf

32. Hach. (2013). Oxygen, Dissolved: Indigo Carmine Method. Retrieved from http://www.hach.com/dissolved-oxygen-accuvac-ampules-lr-pk-25/product?id=7640193980

33. Hach. (1997). Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/hach-146900.htm

Measuring Turbidity, TSS and Water Clarity References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. Myre, E., & Shaw, R. (2006, April). The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement of Turbidity in the Field. In Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://www.cas.umn.edu/assets/pdf/Turbidity%20Tube.pdf

3. EPA. (2012). 5.8 Total Solids. In Water: Monitoring and Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm

4. Wood, M. S. (2014). Estimating suspended sediment in rivers using acoustic Doppler meters. In U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3038. N.p.: U S Geological Survey.

5. Fink, J. C. (2005, August). Chapter 4 – Establishing A Relationship Between Sediment Concentrations And Turbidity. In The Effects of Urbanization on Baird Creek, Green Bay, WI (Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/watershed/fink/Fink_Thesis_Chap4.pdf

6. Zeigler, A. C. (2002). Issues Related to the Use of Turbidity Measurements as a Surrogate for Suspended Sediment. InTurbidity and Other Sediment Surrogates Workshop. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/TSS/ZieglerT.pdf

7. EPA. (2012). 5.5 Turbidity. In Water: Monitoring & Assessment. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm

8. Ireland EPA. (2009, November). Advice Note No. 5: Turbidity in Drinking Water. EPA Drinking Water Advice Note. Retrieved from http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/Advice%20Note%20No5.pdf

9. Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Yin, Y., Wang, M., & Qin, B. (2012, April). Predicting the light attenuation coefficient through Secchi disk depth and beam attenuation coefficient in a large, shallow, freshwater lake. In Hydrobiologia. Retrieved from Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2012.

10. Sovell, L. (2013, December). What is a Secchi tube?. In Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Retrieved from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-monitoring-and-reporting/volunteer-water-monitoring/what-is-a-secchi-tube.html

11. Sadar, M. J. (1998). Turbidity Science: Technical Information Series Booklet No. 11. Hach Company. Loveland, CO.

12. Tahoe Monitoring. (2013, March). Annual Average Secchi Depth. In Tahoe Status & Trend: Monitoring & Evaluation Program. Retrieved from http://www.tahoemonitoring.org/water/lake-tahoe/360.html

13. Carlson, R. (2009). Secchi Records. In The Secchi Dip-In. Retrieved from http://www.secchidipin.org/secchi_records.htm and http://www.secchidipin.org/black_and_white

14. Battelle. (1999, June). Test/QA Plan for Verification of On-Line Turbidimeters . In Environmental Technology Verification Program Advanced Monitoring Systems Pilot . Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/etv/pubs/01_tp_turbid.pdf

15. O’Dell, J. W. (Ed.). (1993). Method 180.1 Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry (Rev 2.0.). Cincinnati, OH: USEPA. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/bioindicators/upload/2007_07_10_methods_method_180_1.pdf

16. EPA. (1999). Chapter 11. Basic Turbidimeter Design and Concepts. In Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions. N.p.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/mdbp/pdf/turbidity/chap_11.pdf

17. EPA. (1999). Chapter 3. Turbidity Methods and Measurement. In Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions. N.p.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/pdf/turbidity/chap_03.pdf

18. Anderson, C. W. (2005). Turbidity 6.7. In USGS National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U S Geological Survey.

19. ASTM International. (2014, June). ASTM D7315-12 Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode. In ASTM Standards. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/pdf/turbidity/chap_03.pdfhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D7315.htm

20. ASTM International. (2014, June). ASTM D6855-12 Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode. In ASTM Standards. Retrieved from http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6855.htm

21. Turner Designs. ( 2012, June). Cyclops Submersible Sensors: User’s Manual (Rev. 2.1.). Sunnyvale, CA: Turner Designs.

22. Seapoint Sensors. (2013, July). Seapoint Turbidity Meter: User Manual . Exeter, NH: Seapoint Sensors, Inc.

23. PONSEL. (2013, November). 3.3.2 – Turbidity/temperature sensor. In User Manual: ODEON PHOTOPOD ( Ver 5.0.0). Caudan, France: Ponsel Mesure-Groupe Aqualabo.

24. Sadar, M. (n.d.). Turbidity Measurement: A Simple, Effective Indicator of Water Quality Change. In Application Notes. Loveland, CO: Hach Hydromet.

25. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 4 – From the Field to the Lab: Measuring Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes and Streams. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4tss.html

26. Glysson, G. D., Gray, J. R., & Conge, L. M. (n.d.). Adjustment of Total Suspended Solids Data for Use in Sediment Studies . Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/osw/pubs/ASCEGlysson.pdf

27. Gao, Q. (2006, November). Correlation of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Test Methods . In New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research, and Technology . Retrieved from http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/soils/tss%20vs%20ssc%20test%20methods.pdf

28. USGS Office of Water Quality. (2013, January). Turbidity — Units of Measurement. In USGS Oregon Water Science Center. Retrieved from http://or.water.usgs.gov/grapher/fnu.html

29. Bin Omar, A. F., & Bin MatJafri, M. Z. (2009, October). Turbidimeter Design and Analysis: A Review on Optical Fiber Sensors for the Measurement of Water Turbidity. In Sensors (Basel). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292109/

30. Sadar, M. (2005). Introduction to Laser Nephelometry: An Alternative to Conventional Particulate Analysis Methods. Hach Company. Loveland, CO.

31. EPA. (1999).Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions. US Government Printing Office.

32. Sadar, M. (1999). Turbidimeter Instrument Comparison: Low-level Sample Measurements: Technical Information Series. Hach Company. Loveland, CO.

33. Analytical Guide for Turbidity Measurement: Standard Methods 2130 A and B (Draft). (2003, June). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfection/lt2/pdfs/guide_lt2_pwsguide_appendix–h_turbidity-sm.pdf

34. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

35. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1992). Standard Methods: For the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Retrieved from https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/apha.method.2130.1992.html

36. General Electric Company. (2010). Turbidity Sensor. In GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies. Retrieved from http://www.ge-mcs.com/download/turbidity/920-479B-LR.pdf

37. Hydrolab. (n.d.). 4-Beam Turbidity. In OTT Technical White Paper. Retrieved from http://www.esonetyellowpages.com/datasheets/4beam_1254491289.pdf

38 Thermo Scientific. (n.d.). Orion Colorimetry Theory. In Colorimetery. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/pdf/thermo_colorimeter_theory.pdf

39. Miller, T. (2004, September). Revision of NFM Chapter 6, Section 6.7—Turbidity . In USGS Office of Water Quality Technical Memorandum 2004.03 . Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/admin/memo/QW/attach_techmemo04.03.pdf

40. EPA. (2009, August). 40 CFR Part 141 Expedited Approval of Alternative Test Procedures for the Analysis of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act; Analysis and Sampling Procedures (Final rule). In Federal Register Volume 74, Number 147. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-08-03/html/E9-18361.htm

41. EPA. (2009, December). Analytical Methods Approved for Compliance Monitoring under the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. In EPA Safe Drinking Water. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/methods/pdfs/methods/methods_swtrules.pdf

42. Roberts, J. K. (2011, August). Overview of the EPA Office of Water’s Alternate Test Procedure Program (Powerpoint). In National Environmental Monitoring Conference. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/methods/pdfs/methods/methods_swtrules.pdfhttp://nemc.us/docs/2011/presentations/Presentation-RobertsK-OfficeWater-8-15-11-Mon-PM.pdf

43. Mitchell, L. (2009). Mitchell Method M5271. In Determination of Turbidity by Laser Nephelometry (Rev. 1.1). Grand Junction, CO: Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE.

44. Mitchell, L. (2009). Mitchell Method M5331. In Determination of Turbidity by LED Nephelometry (Rev. 1.1). Grand Junction, CO: Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE.

45. Thermo Fisher Scientific. (2009). User Guide. In Thermo Scientific Orion AQUAfast AQ4500. N.p.: Thermo Scientific. Retrieved from http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/orion-aq4500-turbidimeter.html

46. Thermo Orion. (2009). Thermo Scientific Orion Method AQ4500. In Determination of Turbidity by Laser Nephelometry Determination of Turbidity by LED Nephelometry. Beverly, MA: ThermoFisher Scientific.

47. EPA. (2013, June). Expedited Approval of Alternative Test Procedures for the Analysis of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act; Analysis and Sampling Procedures. In Federal Register. Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/05/31/2013-12729/expedited-approval-of-alternative-test-procedures-for-the-analysis-of-contaminants-under-the-safe

48. SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG. (2009, August). Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Using a SWAN AMI Turbiwell Turbidimeter . In SWAN WHITE LED METHOD -2.

49. Swan Analytical Instruments. (2013, July). Monitor AMI Turbiwell. In Data sheet no. DenA25411600X. Retrieved from http://www.swan.ch/

50. USGS. (2013, May). Turbidity Parameter Codes and Method Codes. In USGS Water-Quality Information. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter6/6.7_contents.html

51. Down, E. D., & Lehr, J. H. (Eds.). (2005). Environmental Instrumentation and Analysis Handbook. N.p.: John Wiley & Sons.

52. Campbell Scientific, Inc. (2014, May). OBS-3+ and OBS300 Suspended Solids and Turbidity Monitors. In Instruction Manual. (Rev. 5/14) Retrieved from http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/manuals/obs-3+.pdf

53. Miller, R. L., Del Castillo, C. E., & McKee, B. A. (Eds.). (2007). Remote Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments: Technologies, Techniques and Applications (Vol. 7). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media.

54. YSI Incorporated. (2001). The YSI Wiped Turbidity Sensor: An Overview of Turbidity, Nephelometry and an Advancement in In Situ Measurement of Turbidity. In YSI Environmental White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/pdf/ysi_wiped_turbidity.pdf

55. WHO. (n.d.). Fact Sheet 2.33: Turbidity Measurement. In Fact sheets on environmental sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/fs2_33.pdf

56. Myre, E., & Shaw, R. (2006, April). The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement of Turbidity in the Field. In Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://www.cas.umn.edu/assets/pdf/Turbidity%20Tube.pdf

57. YSI Incorporated. (2012, April). Features, Specifications, and Comparability to YSI 6-Series Sensors. In EXO Water Quality Field Sensors. YSI.

58. Rasmussen, P. P., Gray, J. R., Glysson, G. D., & Ziegler, A. C. (2011). Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data. InChapter 4 of Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics, Section C, Sediment and Erosion Techniques. Reston, VA: U S Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3c4/pdf/TM3C4.pdf

59. YSI Incorporated. (n.d.). YSI 6136-Turbidity Frequently Asked Questions. In 6136 TECHNICAL DOCUMENT. N.p.: YSI.

60. Turner Designs. (n.d.). Application Note: Turbidity Methods and Calibration. In Trilogy Laboratory Fluorometer. Retrieved from http://www.turnerdesigns.com/t2/doc/appnotes/S-0072.pdf

61. Tai, H., Li, D., Wei, Y., Ma, D., & Ding, Q. (2011). A Simple Temperature Compensation Method for Turbidity Sensor. Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, 347. Retrieved from Springer Science + Business Media.

62. Berkcan, E. (2009, December). Temperature compensation method for a turbidity sensor used in an appliance for washing articles (Patent). (Patent No. 5,477,576). General Electric Company. Retrieved from https://www.legionpatent.com/patents/5477576/

63. Corcoran, C. (2012, May). How is the EXO Turbidity Sensor Design Different?. In EXO: Breaking the SONDE Barrier. Retrieved from http://www.exowater.com/blog/2012/05/how-is-the-exo-turbidity-sensor-design-different/